1、一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語(yǔ)時(shí),?謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式：glasses,?clothes,?trousers,?shoes,?compasses,?chopsticks,?scissors等。2、如果主語(yǔ)用a?kind?of?,?a?pair?of?,?a?series?of等加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí),?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如：A?pair?of?shoes?was?on?the?desk．3、并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí),?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,?這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。例如:?Truth?and?honesty?is?the?best?policy．4、當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有as?well?as,?as?much?as?,?no?less?than,?along?with,?with,?like,?rather?than,?together?with,?but,?except,?besides,?including,?in?addition?to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí),?其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:?The?teacher?as?well?as?the?students?was?excited．5、A?(great)?number?of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);?a?great?deal?of,?a?large?amount?of?修飾不可數(shù)名詞,?其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。6、關(guān)系代詞who,?that,?which等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),?其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:Those?who?want?to?go?please?sign?your?names?here．7、季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱，球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。?1/2?one(a)?half?1/4?one(a)?quarter1、限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國(guó)藉+材料。
2、某些以a-開(kāi)首的形容詞例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake,?alive?等只能作表語(yǔ),不能作定語(yǔ)。3、某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞：friendly，lively，?lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly,?timely等。1)close接近地 closely仔細(xì)地，密切地2)free?免費(fèi)地 freely自由地,無(wú)拘束地4)late?晚，遲 lately?近來(lái)9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)
1、表示一方不及另一方時(shí)，用“l(fā)ess＋原級(jí)＋than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示：This?room?is?less?beautiful?than?that?one．
2、表示一方超過(guò)另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí)，可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語(yǔ)，如：even，a?lot，a?bit，a?little，still，much，far,?yet,?by?far等修飾，例如：He?works?even?harder?than?before．3、by?far?通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面,?如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。例如：He?is?taller?by?far?than?his?brother.4、某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。例如：He?is?superior?to?Mr.?Wang?in?mathematics．5、在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that(Those)，one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如：The?book?on?the?table?is?more?interesting?than?that?on?the?desk．6、表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:A?is?three?(four,?etc.)?times?the?size?(height,?length,?width,?etc)?of?B.?例如：The?new?building?is?four?times?the?size?(the?height)?of?the?old?one.?這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。［高三倍］A?is?three?(four,?etc.)?times?as?big?(high,?long,?wide,?etc.)?as?B.例如：Asia?is?four?times?as?large?as?Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。A?is?three?(four,?etc.)?times?bigger?(higher,?longer,?wider)?than?B.?例如:Your?school?is?three?times?bigger?than?ours.?你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。7、表示“最高程度”的形容詞，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒(méi)有最高級(jí)，也不能用比較級(jí)。1、如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí)，該用so而不用such。如：
I've?had?so?many?falls?that?I'm?black?and?blue?all?over.2、當(dāng)little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such。如:They?are?such?little?children?that?the?they?cannot?clean?the?house?by?themselves.1、在very,?pretty,?not后用nearly,?不用almost。例如：?I'm?not?nearly?ready.2、在any,?no,?none,?never前用almost,?不用nearly。例如：?I?almost?never?see?her.1、need?表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。在肯定句中一般用must,?have?to,?ought?to或should?代替。例如：Need?I?finish?the?work?today??－－Yes,?you?must.注意：needn't?have?done“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如：You?needn't?have?waited?for?me.2、“should?have?done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到。例如：You?should?have?started?earlier.你應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)開(kāi)始。3、“ought?to?have?done”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。例如：You?ought?to?have?helped?him?(but?you?didn't)?。那時(shí)你應(yīng)該幫他的（但是你沒(méi)有）。4、書報(bào)的標(biāo)題,小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5、表示感覺(jué),愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have,?be,?hear,?see,?like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。七、主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)
有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動(dòng)的意思。常見(jiàn)的有可和?well,?easily?等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞sell,?wash,?write,?read,?clean,?cook等。例如：The?cloth?washes?well.這布很經(jīng)洗。八、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形
1、在動(dòng)詞?arrange,?command,?demand,?desire,?insist,?order,?propose,?request,?require,?suggest等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中用“(should)＋?動(dòng)詞原形”(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)例如：We?suggested?that?we?(should)?have?a?meeting.
2、作advice,?idea,?order,?demand,?plan,?proposal,?suggestion,?request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：We?all?agreed?to?his?suggestion?that?we(should)?go?to?Beijing?for?sightseeing.1、在feel,?hear,?notice,?observe,?see,?watch,?have,?let,?make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。例如：He?is?often?heard?to?sing?the?song.2、不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but,?except,?besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.例如：-What?do?you?like?to?do?besides?swim?-I?have?no?choice?but?to?go.作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。1、There?/?It?is?no?use/?good/?not?any?use/?good/?useless?doing?sth.例如：He?is?looking?for?a?room?to?live?in.2、動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不能用不定式:admit,?appreciate,?avoid,?consider,?delay,?enjoy,?escape,?excuse,?feel?like,?finish,?forgive,?give?up,?imagine,?include,?keep,?mention,?mind,?miss,?practice,?put?off,?resist,?risk,?suggest,?can't?help,?can't?stand(無(wú)法忍受)等。例如：I?tried?not?to?go?there.?(我設(shè)法不去那里。)I?tried?doing?it?again.?(我試著又干了一次。)3、mean?to?do?有意...?mean?doing意味著...I?mean?to?come?early?today.?(我打算今天早些來(lái)。)Missing?the?train?means?waiting?for?another?hour.?(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。)
動(dòng)詞need,?require,?want作“需要”解,其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若表示的含義是被動(dòng)的,必須用動(dòng)名詞,或不定式的被動(dòng)式。
例如：?The?window?needs(requires,?wants)cleaning(to?be?cleaned).
在短語(yǔ)devote?to,?look?forward?to,?pay?attention?to,?stick?to,?be?used?to,?object?to,?thank?you?for,?excuse?me?for?等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式，例如：I?look?forward?to?hearing?from?you?soon.Badly?polluted,?the?water?cannot?be?drunk.?(原因)Being?written?in?haste,?the?composition?is?full?of?mistakes.?(原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過(guò)程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)Having?been?deserted?by?his?guide,?he?couldn't?find?his?way?through?the?jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)Asked?to?stay,?I?couldn't?very?well?refuse.這里?asked?可能意味著?having?been?asked,?也可能意味著when/since?I?was?asked,?但用了?having?been?asked?就不會(huì)有歧義。下面句中過(guò)去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如：?Covered?with?confusion,?I?left?the?room.我很窘地離開(kāi)了房間。?United,?we?stand;?divided,?we?fall.?團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。?He?used?to?live?in?London,?use(d)n't?he?/didn't?he?There?used?to?be?a?cinema?here?before?the?war,?use(d)n't?there?/didn't?there?Such?things?ought?not?to?be?allowed,?ought?they??He?ought?to?be?punished,?oughtn't?he?但在正式文體中,用ought?we?not形式。例如:We?ought?to?go,?ought?we?not?或We?ought?to?go?,should?we?not?含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分不可用mustn't
1、若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分用aren't(isn't)十主語(yǔ),例如：You?must?be?tired,aren't?you?2、若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句部分則用needn't。例如：You?must?go?home?right?now,?needn't?you?3、當(dāng)mustn't?表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用must。如：?You?mustn't?walk?on?grass,?must?you?4、前句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是must?have＋過(guò)去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)(一般有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用didn't＋主語(yǔ);若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用haven't(hasn't)＋主語(yǔ),?例如：?He?must?have?met?her?yesterday,?didn't?he?5、陳述句謂語(yǔ)部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí)(前綴或后綴),疑問(wèn)部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He?is?unfit?for?his?office,?isn't?he?6、如果陳述部分包含有no,?never,?hardly,?seldom,?few,?little,?nowhere,?nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式。例如：He?is?hardly?14?years?old,?is?he?7、如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為everyone,?someone,?no?one等不定代詞,其疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)可用he,也可用they。?例如：Everyone?knows?his?job,?doesn't?he?Let's?go?there,?shall?we??Let?us?go?there,?will?you?同位語(yǔ)從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容
引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有fact,?news,?promise,?idea,?truth等。連接詞用that?(不用which)及連接副詞how,?when,?where,?why等。例如：His?delay?is?due?to?the?fact?that?the?car?went?wrong?halfway.She?asked?the?reason?why?there?was?a?delay.關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:1、在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。例如：The?question?is?whether?the?film?is?worth?seeing.The?news?whether?our?team?has?won?the?match?is?unknown.2、在主語(yǔ)從句中,只有用it作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如：Whether?we?shall?attend?the?meeting?hasn't?been?decided?yet.?It?hasn't?been?decided?whether(if)we?shall?attend?the?meeting.It?all?depends?(on)?whether?they?will?support?us.4、后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如：He?doesn't?know?whether?to?stay?or?not.We?didn't?know?whether?or?not?she?was?ready.6、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,只能用whether。例如：Whether?you?like?it?or?not,?you?must?do?it?well.7、用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)。例如：Please?let?me?know?if?you?like?it.?該句有兩個(gè)意思：“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡”。或“如果你喜歡,請(qǐng)告訴我。”用了whether就可以避免。十五、在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
1、先行詞是不定代詞：all,?few,?little,?much,?something,?nothing,?anything等。例如：All?that?we?have?to?do?is?to?practice?every?day.2、先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾。例如：The?first?lesson?that?I?learned?will?never?be?forgotten.3、先行詞被all,?any,?every,?each,?few,?little,?no,?some,?等修飾。例如：I?have?read?all?the?book?(that)?you?gave?me.4、先行詞被?the?only,?the?very,?the?same,?the?last?修飾時(shí)。?例如：He?is?the?only?person?that?I?want?to?talk?to.5、先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如：They?talked?of?things?and?persons?that?they?remembered?in?the?school.先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),要根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。
1、如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。例如：This?is?the?house?where?he?lived?last?year.2、用no?sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。1、主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用過(guò)去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly?had?I?entered?the?room?when?I?heard?a?loud?noise.2、代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂語(yǔ)序不變。例如：Here?it?is.?Here?he?comes.3、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)也常常引起全部倒裝。例如：South?of?the?city?lies?a?big?steel?factory.?From?the?valley?came?a?frightening?sound.4、表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。例如：Present?at?the?meeting?were?Professor?White,?Professor?Smith?and?many?other?guests.A)用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：Had?you?reviewed?your?lessons,?you?might?have?passed?the?examination.B)用于“形容詞(或名詞、動(dòng)詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中。例如：Pretty?as?she?is?,she?is?not?clever. Try?as?he?would,?he?might?fail?again.C)如果從句的表語(yǔ)是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。例如：Child?as?he?was,?he?had?to?make?a?living.D)用于no?sooner…than…,hardly…when和not?until的句型中。例如：Not?until?the?teacher?came?did?he?finish?his?homework.E)用于never,?hardly,?seldom,?scarcely,?barely,?little,?often,?at?no?time,?not?only,?not?once等詞開(kāi)頭的句子。?例如：Never?shall?I?do?this?again.Little?did?he?know?who?the?woman?was.F)用于以only開(kāi)頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí))。例如：Only?this?afternoon?did?I?finish?the?novel.G)如果only后面的詞組不是狀語(yǔ),則不用倒裝。?例如：Only?Wang?Ling?knows?this.H)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如：May?you?succeed!?祝你成功!an?American－two?Americans，in?other?words?換句話說(shuō)have?a?few?words?(a?word)?with?sb.與某人說(shuō)幾句話某些集體名詞,?如people,?police,?cattle等,?只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待,?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：The?police?are?searching?for?him.
